Reimagining Food Security in Africa: The Case for Food Sovereignty

Addis Ababa, February 14, 2025 (ENA)—In an era where the conversation around food security in Africa is heating up, the stakes have never been higher for the continent's nations. The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) defines food security as universal access to adequate, safe, and nutritious food at all times. While this definition underscores the need for consistent food supply, it can inadvertently cultivate a crippling dependence on foreign imports and assistance. Food sovereignty, in contrast, is an alternative approach that promises to empower local communities by prioritizing their involvement in food system management. This innovative framework champions the growth of local agricultural production and backs government initiatives tailored to the unique needs of individual communities.

The current landscape of food security in Africa paints a rather stark picture. Over the past two decades, the number of malnourished individuals on the continent has risen by 100 million, now totalling 298 million. However, this trend obscures considerable differences among regions. Countries like Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo contend with grim challenges, while others, such as Senegal, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, and notably Ethiopia, have made commendable progress in reducing undernourishment. Despite these successes, the broader African picture remains stagnant, with a continent-wide reduction in undernourishment last achieved back in 2009.

One of the leading obstacles hindering Africa's development is the underutilization of its agricultural wealth. With its fertile lands and rich natural resources, the potential for thriving agriculture is undeniable. Yet many African nations struggle with limited technological capabilities and mechanization. Poor infrastructure—with inadequate roads, storage facilities, and irrigation systems—compounds the problem. Consequently, many countries find themselves deeply reliant on food imports, collectively spending about USD 80 billion annually—USD 16 billion of which is just for wheat. This reliance siphons off value from within Africa, leaving the continent vulnerable to the swings of global market dynamics.

To realize the vision of food sovereignty, a critical pivot is necessary: a shift from merely ensuring a steady food supply to developing resilient domestic food production systems. Rather than importing finished food products that exacerbate local economic stagnation, the focus should shift to importing essential inputs—like partially processed products and agricultural resources—to boost domestic production. A strategic revaluation of policy frameworks is essential, emphasizing government support through subsidies, protective measures, and initiatives aimed at empowering local producers. This profound transformation could lead to greater regional collaboration, moving the continent away from informal trade networks and toward a more organized system.

The food situation in Africa is complicated further by rapid demographic shifts. Though the continent's population density is relatively low compared to Asia and Europe, Africa is experiencing significant growth. With a current population of approximately 1.5 billion projected to climb to 2.5 billion by 2050—and potentially doubling to 4 billion by 2100—this growth could either signal a crisis or an opportunity. If managed effectively, a growing population could foster a more equitable distribution of communities, create "food hubs," and promote a larger, more skilled workforce capable of enhancing infrastructure development and agricultural innovation.

Ethiopia stands out as a beacon of hope in the journey toward food independence on the continent. Once heavily dependent on wheat imports, Ethiopia has experienced what many call a "wheat revolution." By adopting heat-resistant varieties and increasing mechanization and irrigation, the nation has successfully transitioned from import dependency to self-sufficiency. The establishment of a strategic food reserve system, managed by the Ethiopian Food Security Reserve Authority, has fortified this progress, positioning the country as a leader in food production. This transformation not only enhances local food security but also serves as a model for other African nations seeking autonomy in their food systems.

 

Yet, the journey toward self-reliance in food systems extends beyond the triumphs of individual countries. Africa must strive to build resilient, self-sufficient food systems that lessen dependence on global suppliers. The practice of securitizing food value chains—where suppliers maintain surplus stocks and purchase agricultural land abroad—must be curtailed. Instead, intra-continental trade should be prioritized. Initiatives like the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) are essential for fostering regional specialization and cooperation. Additionally, investments in infrastructure—critical for both the production and distribution of food—will unlock untapped agricultural potential and ensure equitable distribution of benefits across regions.

Food Sovereignty is also closely related to strategic autonomy. As the continent moves away from its dependence on impots and foreign aid, it can operate as a more independent actor in the global market and political sphere. The continent’s countries can make more strategic decisions without the influence of global powers and international financial institutions.

While food security remains a vital objective, the transition toward food sovereignty embodies a more holistic and empowering vision for Africa's future. By centring local production capabilities, advocating for state-led interventions, and fostering regional cooperation, African nations can begin to lessen their reliance on imports and external aid. The story of Ethiopia illustrates that with the right strategies and investments, food sovereignty is not just an ideal; it is an achievable target—one that promises improved food availability and a more resilient economic landscape for the entire continent.